Abstract
Epidemiological, clinical, biochemical and genetic research has revealed that renal cell cancer (RCC) etiology is hormone-related. It was shown that hormone receptors are abnormally expressed in RCC cells. Abnormal endocrine stimulation also plays a significant role in RCC pathophysiology. Cellular proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and drug resistance in RCC is modulated by para- and autocrine hormonal stimulation. In particular, RCC overexpression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its receptor was reported. On the contrary, corticotropin releasing hormone was reported to inhibit RCC cell proliferation and regulate angiogenesis. Overexpression of luteinizing hormone also promotes RCC tumor angiogenesis. Estrogen receptor α overexpression increases the transcriptional factor activity of hypoxia inducible factor HIF-1α, but estrogen receptor β has a cancer suppressive role. Glucocorticoid receptors and androgen receptor are markers of indolent RCC and assigned tumor suppressive activity. Proopiomelanocortin is upregulated in VHL-mutated renal cell carcinoma via Nur77 transcription factor signaling. In RCC, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor promotes angiogenesis and metastatic formation via VEGF release. Mineralocorticoid receptor overexpression promotes cell survival and increases RCC cell proliferation. Vitamin D receptor expression is downregulated or absent in RCC and differentiate subtypes of renal cell tumors. RAR-β promotes tumorigenesis but retinoic acid receptor γ expression correlates negatively with the TNM stage at diagnosis. Finally, progesterone receptor expression is negatively correlated with the cancer stage. Molecular data analysis revealed the possibility of renal cancer cell proliferation induction via hormone activated pathways. Inhibition of hormonal signaling may thus play a putative role in supportive therapies against this cancer type.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/27035677/
Hormone signaling pathways as treatment targets in renal cell cancer (Review).
What Are Hormone-Sensitive Cancers?
“Hormones are key to a lot of the work your body does. These natural chemicals affect everything from menopause to metabolism to your mood.
But they’re also useful to some types of cancer -- they help some tumors grow and spread. These kinds are called hormone-sensitive or hormone-dependent.
When a tumor is hormone-sensitive, its cells have proteins on their surfaces called receptors. They link to hormones like a lock and key. When the hormone “key” opens the “lock” of the receptor, the cancer cell grows and spreads. “
https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/hor ... ve-cancers
But they’re also useful to some types of cancer -- they help some tumors grow and spread. These kinds are called hormone-sensitive or hormone-dependent.
When a tumor is hormone-sensitive, its cells have proteins on their surfaces called receptors. They link to hormones like a lock and key. When the hormone “key” opens the “lock” of the receptor, the cancer cell grows and spreads. “
https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/hor ... ve-cancers
Debbie
Re: Hormone signaling pathways as treatment targets in renal cell cancer (Review).
Abstract
Melanoma, a potentially fatal form of skin cancer is on the rise. This review not only underlines the close connection between skin and endocrine system, but also lists evidences from multiple sources epidemiological, clinical, previous in vivo and in vitro studies regarding the involvement of sex steroids in melanoma. Incidentally, clinical studies underscored the involvement of sex steroids in the protective function in melanoma in menstruating females. But, none of these studies identified the sex steroids involved in the protective function in melanoma in menstruating females. The sex steroid involved in this innate protection in melanoma in menstruating females has not been investigated by scientists, though advances have been made in immunotherapy with accompanying side effects. In this context, our in vitro studies on mouse and human melanoma cell lines, along with literature survey, pointed to progesterone as the possible female sex steroid involved in the protective function in melanoma. Based on our findings and previous studies, it is concluded in this review that melanoma is not a hormone-dependent cancer. But, it may be a hormone-sensitive or responsive cancer, as hormones (sex steroids) inhibited melanoma cell proliferation in vitro. This new understanding will help in developing new therapy or target for melanoma treatment.
https://www.intechopen.com/books/cancer ... ve-cancer-
Melanoma, a potentially fatal form of skin cancer is on the rise. This review not only underlines the close connection between skin and endocrine system, but also lists evidences from multiple sources epidemiological, clinical, previous in vivo and in vitro studies regarding the involvement of sex steroids in melanoma. Incidentally, clinical studies underscored the involvement of sex steroids in the protective function in melanoma in menstruating females. But, none of these studies identified the sex steroids involved in the protective function in melanoma in menstruating females. The sex steroid involved in this innate protection in melanoma in menstruating females has not been investigated by scientists, though advances have been made in immunotherapy with accompanying side effects. In this context, our in vitro studies on mouse and human melanoma cell lines, along with literature survey, pointed to progesterone as the possible female sex steroid involved in the protective function in melanoma. Based on our findings and previous studies, it is concluded in this review that melanoma is not a hormone-dependent cancer. But, it may be a hormone-sensitive or responsive cancer, as hormones (sex steroids) inhibited melanoma cell proliferation in vitro. This new understanding will help in developing new therapy or target for melanoma treatment.
https://www.intechopen.com/books/cancer ... ve-cancer-
Debbie
Progesterone: the forgotten hormone in men?
Abstract
'Classical' genomic progesterone receptors appear relatively late in phylogenesis, i.e. it is only in birds and mammals that they are detectable. In the different species, they mediate manifold effects regarding the differentiation of target organ functions, mainly in the reproductive system. Surprisingly, we know little about the physiology, endocrinology, and pharmacology of progesterone and progestins in male gender or men respectively, despite the fact that, as to progesterone secretion and serum progesterone levels, there are no great quantitative differences between men and women (at least outside the luteal phase). In a prospective cohort study of 1026 men with and without cardiovascular disease, we were not able to demonstrate any age-dependent change in serum progesterone concentrations. Progesterone influences spermiogenesis, sperm capacitation/acrosome reaction and testosterone biosynthesis in the Leydig cells. Other progesterone effects in men include those on the central nervous system (CNS) (mainly mediated by 5alpha-reduced progesterone metabolites as so-called neurosteroids), including blocking of gonadotropin secretion, sleep improvement, and effects on tumors in the CNS (meningioma, fibroma), as well as effects on the immune system, cardiovascular system, kidney function, adipose tissue, behavior, and respiratory system. A progestin may stimulate weight gain and appetite in men as well as in women. The detection of progesterone receptor isoforms would have a highly diagnostic value in prostate pathology (benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer). The modulation of progesterone effects on typical male targets is connected with a great pharmacodynamic variability. The reason for this is that, in men, some important effects of progesterone are mediated non-genomically through different molecular biological modes of action. Therefore, the precise therapeutic manipulation of progesterone actions in the male requires completely new endocrine-pharmacological approaches.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/15669543/
'Classical' genomic progesterone receptors appear relatively late in phylogenesis, i.e. it is only in birds and mammals that they are detectable. In the different species, they mediate manifold effects regarding the differentiation of target organ functions, mainly in the reproductive system. Surprisingly, we know little about the physiology, endocrinology, and pharmacology of progesterone and progestins in male gender or men respectively, despite the fact that, as to progesterone secretion and serum progesterone levels, there are no great quantitative differences between men and women (at least outside the luteal phase). In a prospective cohort study of 1026 men with and without cardiovascular disease, we were not able to demonstrate any age-dependent change in serum progesterone concentrations. Progesterone influences spermiogenesis, sperm capacitation/acrosome reaction and testosterone biosynthesis in the Leydig cells. Other progesterone effects in men include those on the central nervous system (CNS) (mainly mediated by 5alpha-reduced progesterone metabolites as so-called neurosteroids), including blocking of gonadotropin secretion, sleep improvement, and effects on tumors in the CNS (meningioma, fibroma), as well as effects on the immune system, cardiovascular system, kidney function, adipose tissue, behavior, and respiratory system. A progestin may stimulate weight gain and appetite in men as well as in women. The detection of progesterone receptor isoforms would have a highly diagnostic value in prostate pathology (benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer). The modulation of progesterone effects on typical male targets is connected with a great pharmacodynamic variability. The reason for this is that, in men, some important effects of progesterone are mediated non-genomically through different molecular biological modes of action. Therefore, the precise therapeutic manipulation of progesterone actions in the male requires completely new endocrine-pharmacological approaches.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/15669543/
Debbie
Low Progesterone: Complications, Causes, and More
“What is progesterone?
Progesterone is a female sex hormone. It’s produced mainly in the ovaries following ovulation each month. It’s a crucial part of the menstrual cycle and maintenance of pregnancy.
Progesterone helps to regulate your cycle. But its main job is to get your uterus ready for pregnancy. After you ovulate each month, progesterone helps thicken the lining of the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg. If there is no fertilized egg, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins. If a fertilized egg implants in the uterine wall, progesterone helps maintain the uterine lining throughout pregnancy.
Progesterone is necessary for breast development and breastfeeding. It complements some effects of estrogen, another female hormone. It also works with testosterone, the precursor for adrenal hormones. Men produce a small amount of progesterone to help in sperm development.“
https://www.healthline.com/health/women ... ne#outlook
Progesterone is a female sex hormone. It’s produced mainly in the ovaries following ovulation each month. It’s a crucial part of the menstrual cycle and maintenance of pregnancy.
Progesterone helps to regulate your cycle. But its main job is to get your uterus ready for pregnancy. After you ovulate each month, progesterone helps thicken the lining of the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg. If there is no fertilized egg, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins. If a fertilized egg implants in the uterine wall, progesterone helps maintain the uterine lining throughout pregnancy.
Progesterone is necessary for breast development and breastfeeding. It complements some effects of estrogen, another female hormone. It also works with testosterone, the precursor for adrenal hormones. Men produce a small amount of progesterone to help in sperm development.“
https://www.healthline.com/health/women ... ne#outlook
Debbie
Understanding Hormone Receptors and What They Do
“Cell receptors, including hormone receptors, are special proteins found within and on the surface of certain cells throughout the body, including breast cells. These receptor proteins are the “eyes” and “ears” of the cells, receiving messages from substances in the bloodstream and then telling the cells what to do. In other words, the receptors act like an on-off switch for a particular activity in the cell. If the right substance comes along that fits into the receptor — like a key fitting into a lock — the switch is turned on and a particular activity in the cell begins.
One type of receptor found in normal breast cells is the hormone receptor. By attaching to hormone receptors, estrogen and/or progesterone contribute to the growth and function of breast cells. Estrogen and progesterone are often called “female hormones” because they play an important role in women’s menstrual cycle, sexual development, pregnancy, and childbirth. Even after menopause, however, women continue to have these hormones in their bodies. Men have them, too, although in much smaller amounts than women.”
https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/d ... erstanding
One type of receptor found in normal breast cells is the hormone receptor. By attaching to hormone receptors, estrogen and/or progesterone contribute to the growth and function of breast cells. Estrogen and progesterone are often called “female hormones” because they play an important role in women’s menstrual cycle, sexual development, pregnancy, and childbirth. Even after menopause, however, women continue to have these hormones in their bodies. Men have them, too, although in much smaller amounts than women.”
https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/d ... erstanding
Debbie
Presence of Steroid Receptors in Human Soft Tissue Sarcomas of Diverse Histological Origin'
“The presence of specific high-affinity, saturable cytoplasmic receptors for all classes of steroid hormones in a histologically diverse series of sarcomas clearly suggests that human soft tissue sarcomas located outside the reproductive tract may be hormonally responsive.”
https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cont ... 1.full.pdf
“Cell receptors, including hormone receptors, are special proteins found within and on the surface of certain cells throughout the body, including breast cells. These receptor proteins are the “eyes” and “ears” of the cells, receiving messages from substances in the bloodstream and then telling the cells what to do.Jan 26, 2017”
https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/d ... erstanding
Rapid Actions of Steroid Receptors in Cellular Signaling Pathways
Abstract
Steroid hormones regulate cellular processes by binding to intracellular receptors that, in turn, interact with discrete nucleotide sequences to alter gene expression. Because most steroid receptors in target cells are located in the cytoplasm, they need to get into the nucleus to alter gene expression. This process typically takes at least 30 to 60 minutes. In contrast, other regulatory actions of steroid hormones are manifested within seconds to a few minutes. These time periods are far too rapid to be due to changes at the genomic level and are therefore termed nongenomic or rapid actions, to distinguish them from the classical steroid hormone action of regulation of gene expression. The rapid effects of steroid hormones are manifold, ranging from activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), adenylyl cyclase (AC), protein kinase C (PKC), and heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins (G proteins). In some cases, these rapid actions of steroids are mediated through the classical steroid receptor that can also function as a ligand-activated transcription factor, whereas in other instances the evidence suggests that these rapid actions do not involve the classical steroid receptors. One candidate target for the nonclassical receptor-mediated effects are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which activate several signal transduction pathways. One characteristic of responses that are not mediated by the classical steroid receptors is insensitivity to steroid antagonists, which has contributed to the notion that a new class of steroid receptors may be responsible for part of the rapid action of steroids. Evidence suggests that the classical steroid receptors can be localized at the plasma membrane, where they may trigger a chain of reactions previously attributed only to growth factors. Identification of interaction domains on the classical steroid receptors involved in the rapid effects, and separation of this function from the genomic action of these receptors, should pave the way to a better understanding of the rapid action of steroid hormones.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12084906/
https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cont ... 1.full.pdf
“Cell receptors, including hormone receptors, are special proteins found within and on the surface of certain cells throughout the body, including breast cells. These receptor proteins are the “eyes” and “ears” of the cells, receiving messages from substances in the bloodstream and then telling the cells what to do.Jan 26, 2017”
https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/d ... erstanding
Rapid Actions of Steroid Receptors in Cellular Signaling Pathways
Abstract
Steroid hormones regulate cellular processes by binding to intracellular receptors that, in turn, interact with discrete nucleotide sequences to alter gene expression. Because most steroid receptors in target cells are located in the cytoplasm, they need to get into the nucleus to alter gene expression. This process typically takes at least 30 to 60 minutes. In contrast, other regulatory actions of steroid hormones are manifested within seconds to a few minutes. These time periods are far too rapid to be due to changes at the genomic level and are therefore termed nongenomic or rapid actions, to distinguish them from the classical steroid hormone action of regulation of gene expression. The rapid effects of steroid hormones are manifold, ranging from activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), adenylyl cyclase (AC), protein kinase C (PKC), and heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins (G proteins). In some cases, these rapid actions of steroids are mediated through the classical steroid receptor that can also function as a ligand-activated transcription factor, whereas in other instances the evidence suggests that these rapid actions do not involve the classical steroid receptors. One candidate target for the nonclassical receptor-mediated effects are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which activate several signal transduction pathways. One characteristic of responses that are not mediated by the classical steroid receptors is insensitivity to steroid antagonists, which has contributed to the notion that a new class of steroid receptors may be responsible for part of the rapid action of steroids. Evidence suggests that the classical steroid receptors can be localized at the plasma membrane, where they may trigger a chain of reactions previously attributed only to growth factors. Identification of interaction domains on the classical steroid receptors involved in the rapid effects, and separation of this function from the genomic action of these receptors, should pave the way to a better understanding of the rapid action of steroid hormones.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12084906/
Debbie
Re: Hormone signaling pathways as treatment targets in renal cell cancer (Review).
Types of Hormone-Sensitive Cancer
Not all cancers are fueled by hormones. But a few types can be, such as:
Breast cancer. Some types need estrogen and progesterone to grow.
Ovarian cancer. It can be affected by estrogen.
Uterine or endometrial cancer. Estrogen and progesterone can fuel some types.
Prostate cancer. Testosterone and similar hormones can help it grow and spread.
It’s important to know whether or not your cancer is hormone-sensitive. That affects how your doctor will treat it.
Debbie
Re: Hormone signaling pathways as treatment targets in renal cell cancer (Review).
Do Men Have Progesterone? Here’s How It Affects Men
“ There are multitudes of hormones that provide specific functions in the body—the common ones of these being testosterone and estrogen. But progesterone also plays a part in helping manage the body’s day to day functions, which can be affected by health and age. But do men have progesterone?
In this article, we’re going to look at whether men have progesterone and how it affects functions of the body and mind. Along with symptoms and treatments. But first, here’s a quick summary.
Do men have progesterone? Males produce progesterone in their adrenal glands and testes. Progesterone is often better known as a female hormone but is crucial in producing testosterone. Men with low progesterone levels have a higher risk of developing osteoporosis, arthritis, and prostate cancer.
Do Men Have Progesterone
With that short explanation in mind, we can further examine progesterone and its effect on men.”
https://prescriptionhope.com/blog-do-me ... gesterone/
“ There are multitudes of hormones that provide specific functions in the body—the common ones of these being testosterone and estrogen. But progesterone also plays a part in helping manage the body’s day to day functions, which can be affected by health and age. But do men have progesterone?
In this article, we’re going to look at whether men have progesterone and how it affects functions of the body and mind. Along with symptoms and treatments. But first, here’s a quick summary.
Do men have progesterone? Males produce progesterone in their adrenal glands and testes. Progesterone is often better known as a female hormone but is crucial in producing testosterone. Men with low progesterone levels have a higher risk of developing osteoporosis, arthritis, and prostate cancer.
Do Men Have Progesterone
With that short explanation in mind, we can further examine progesterone and its effect on men.”
https://prescriptionhope.com/blog-do-me ... gesterone/
Last edited by D.ap on Wed Nov 17, 2021 9:57 am, edited 1 time in total.
Debbie