How do genes direct the production of proteins?

[D.ap]

How do genes direct the production of proteins?



Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. (A few genes produce other molecules that help the cell assemble proteins.) The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two major steps: transcription and translation. Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression.

During the process of transcription, the information stored in a gene’s DNA is transferred to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. Both RNA and DNA are made up of a chain of nucleotide bases, but they have slightly different chemical properties. The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Translation, the second step in getting from a gene to a protein, takes place in the cytoplasm. The mRNA interacts with a specialized complex called a ribosome, which “reads” the sequence of mRNA bases. Each sequence of three bases, called a codon, usually codes for one particular amino acid. (Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.) A type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time. Protein assembly continues until the ribosome encounters a “stop” codon (a sequence of three bases that does not code for an amino acid).





http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgene ... ingprotein

[D.ap]

Alveolar soft part sarcoma is characterized by a translocation between the ASPL locus on chromosome 17 and the TFE3 locus on the X chromosome (der(17)t(X;17)(p11q25))

http://www.curesarcoma.org/patient-reso ... ypes/asps/

[D.ap]

I'd like some in put please..
the translocation = metastasis and how it was transported from primary veins or arteries or lymphatic tissue to its current place ? Or is it the location of the tumor after vascular transport and how it has grown from the tissue around it ?

Also glucose--

Is it able to perpetuate the environment after the translocation happens? Because we all have most genes in us at birth --but they don't always mutate?

However the chances of proteins plus other factors causing mutations , can happen.


http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/1 ... 109-094246

[Olga]

I am not sure if I get the question right and if I am qualified enough to answer, so just few comments.
For the ASPS to metastasize it has to invade the bloodstream (other types of tumors could use the lymphatic system but ASPS usually does not). The tumor grows the vascular system around to feed it and it to connect the body's blood circuit. Then the tumor cells go floating with the blood around the body and stick in some places, usually they get trapped in the lungs first. The cells stick somewhere and stay dormant for awhile as a single cell or a cluster of a few cells. Then they start to divide in some circumstances and a metastasis is born. Fortunately most of them do not survive, but some escape immune system protection using some fake signals. There is an angiogenesis independent mechanism of growth till approx. 2 mm in size - i.e. they slowly grow to 2 mm without any visible blood system but past that size they need more food so they grow the blood system (get vascularized). They grow the blood supply using some fake fetus signaling, so it is not the tumor grows the blood vessels but the patient's body grows blood vessels toward the tumor.
In general we all get faulty genes during our life time/ they appear all the time but usually the body deals with them effectively eliminating them. It is already known fact that big and tall people get more cancers - more body means more probability of the mistake happening either in the genes or in the protective systems (quality control) or in the hormones that regulate the protective systems etc. There are numerous levels where the fault could happen and cause the genetic error go undetected and start to grow, this is why there are numerous types of cancers and sarcomas. Environmental factors or chronic infection that increase the need for the body to produce more cells in some organ (like when smokers constantly irritate and hurt the airways and digestive systems surface cells they need to multiply more intensively for the repair or replacement so probability of the faulty/mutated cell to appear increases greatly or the HPV infection does about the same in reproductive system etc). Some people's genetic repair ability is above the average so you all know of example someone smoking/drinking all their life and living a long and apparently healthy life, but it is rather rare and about 70% of cancers are considered to be caused by the lifestyle or environment factors and are potentially modifiable.

[D.ap]

Olga
Thanks so much for the in depth description of genes down to the protein type description to the systemic transfer happening ?

We all need a simple equation to feel like we ,as simple folks, know how to combat ASPS.

Wish I had a simple flow chart to understand how ASPS , in theory, begins and progresses to the 2mm original primary.

Love
Debbie

[D.ap]

image.jpeg (49.42 KiB) Viewed 3473 times

Olga

I need something like this character flow chart above
to bring asps from pre tumor to primary tumor stage